In pediatric neuropsychology, what is the core symptom of ADHD and which cognitive domains are often affected?

• A. Memory loss and confusion
• B. Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; deficits in executive function, working memory, sustained attention, and processing speed.
• C. Visual deficits
• D. Language delay

Answer: (B)

ADHD in children is defined by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning. These behaviors reflect difficulties with self-regulation of attention and activity levels. The cognitive domains often affected include executive function (planning, organization, inhibition, cognitive flexibility), working memory (holding and manipulating information in mind), sustained attention (the ability to maintain focus over time), and processing speed (how quickly a child can take in information, think about it, and respond). This combination helps explain why kids with ADHD may struggle with tasks that require organizing work, staying on task, keeping track of details, and completing things quickly. Memory loss or confusion aren’t typical features of ADHD, and visual deficits or language delays point to other issues or comorbid conditions rather than ADHD itself.